KAYNAKLAR

1. Mosher WD, Pratt WF: Fecundity and infertility in the United Sates: incidence and trends. Fertil Steril, 56: 192-193, 1991.

2. Yamamoto M, Hibi H, Tsuji Y, Mhyake K: The effect of varicocele ligation on oocyte fertilization and pregnancy after failure of fertilization in in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer. Hinyokika Kiyo, 40; 683-687, 1994.

3. Dubin L, Amelar RD: Varicocelectomy: 986 cases in a twelve-year study. Urology, 10; 446-449, 1977.

4. Schlegel PN: Is assisted reproduction the optimal treatment for varicocele- associated infertility? A cost-effectiveness analysis. Urology, 49; 83-90, 1997.

5. Schlegel PN, Goldstein M: Microsurgical vasoepididymostomy: refinements and results. J Urol, 150: 1165-1170, 1993.

6. Torok L: Treatment of oligozoospermia with tamoxifen (open and controlled studies). Andrologia, 17: 497-500, 1985.

7. O'Donovan P, Vandekerckhove P, Lilford L, et al: Treatment of male infertility: is it effective? Review and meta-analyses of published randomized controlled trials. Hum Reprod, 8: 1209-1214, 1993.

8. Suleiman SA, Ali ME, Zaki ZM, el Malik EM, Nasr MA: Lipid peroxidation and human sperm motility: protective role of vitamin E. J Androl, 17: 530-537, 1996.

9. Jarow JP: Life-threatening conditions associated with male infertility. Urol Clin North Am, 21: 409-415, 1994.

10. World Health Organization: WHO semen manual for the examination of human semen and cervical mucus. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1997.

11. Eggert-Kruse W, Bellmann A, Rohr g, tilgen W, Runnebaum B: Differentiation of round cells in semen by means of monoclonal antibodies and relationship with male infertility. Fertil Steril, 58: 1046-1050, 1992.

12. Wolff : Methods for the detection of male genital tracy inflammation. Andrologia, 30 (Suppl 1): 35-39, 1998.

13. Wolff H: The biologic significance of white blood cells in semen. Fertil Steril, 63: 114-119, 1995.

14. Wolf H, Poltich JA, Martinez A, et al: Leukocytospermia is associated with poor semen quality. Fertil Steril, 53: 528-534, 1990.

15. Turek PJ, Lipshultz LI: Immunologic infertility. Urol Clin North Am, 21: 447-469, 1994.

16. Hill JA, Haimovici F, Politch JA, et al: Effects of soluble products of activated lymphocytes and macrophages (lymphokines and monokines) on human sperm motion parameters. Fertil Steril, 47: 460-465, 1987.

17. Bar-Chama N, Goluboff E, Fisch H: Infection and pyospermia in male infertility: is it really a problem? Urol Clin North Am, 21: 469-475, 1994.

18. Eggert-Kruse W, Pohl S, Naher H, et al: Microbial colonization and sperm- mucus interaction results in 1000 infertile couples. Hum Reprod, 7: 612-620, 1992.

19. Gnarpe H, Friberg J: Mycoplasma and humanreproductive failure. I. The occurrence of different mycoplasmas in couples with reproductive failure. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 114: 727-731, 1972.

20. Busolo F, Zanchetta R: The effect of Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum on hamster egg in vitro penetration by human spermatozoa. Fertil Steril, 43: 110-114, 1985.

21. Toth A, Leser ML, Brooks C, et al: Subsequent pregnancies among 161 couples treated for T-mycoplasma genital tract infection. N Eng J Med, 308: 505-507, 1983.

22. Hollanders JMG, Carver-Ward JA: Male infertility from A to Z. Studies in profertility series. vol. 4, p. 27, The Parthenon Pub. New York, 1996.

23. Marshburn PB: The role of antisperm antibodies in infertility. Fertil Steril, 61: 799-811, 1994.

24. Anderson DJ: Cell-mediated immunity and inflammatory processes in male infertility. Arch Immunol Ther Exp, 38: 79-85, 1990.

25. Dimitrov DG, Sedlak R, Nouza K, et al: A quantitativa objective method for the evaluation of antisperm cell mediated immunity in humans. J Immunol Methods, 154: 147-153, 1992.

26. Aitken J, Fisher H: reactive oxygen species generation and human spermatozoa: the balance of benefit and risk. Bioessays, 16: 259-264, 1994.

27. Asch R, Simerly C, Ord T, et al: The stages at which human fertilization arrests: microtubule and chromosome configurations in inseminated oocytes which failed to complete fertilization and development in humans. Hum Reprod, 10: 1897-1906, 1995.

28. Navara C, First N, Schatten G: Microtubule organization in the cow during fertilization, polyspermy, parthenogenesis and nuclear transfer: the role of the sperm aster. Devel Biol, 162: 29-40, 1994.

29. Bar-Chama N, Lamb DJ: Evaluation of sperm function: what is available in the modern andrology laboratory?. Urol Clin North Am, 21: 433-446, 1994.

30. Horbay GLA, Cowell CA, Casper RF: Multiple follicular recruitment and intrauterine insemination outcomes compared by age and diagnosis. Hum Reprod, 6: 947-952, 1991.

31. Horvath P, Bohrer M, Sheldon R, et al: The relationship of sperm parameters to cycle fecundity in superovulated women undergoing intrauterine insemination. Fertil Steril, 52: 288-294, 1989.

32. Riedel HH, Hübner F, Ensslen SC, et al: Minimal andrological requirements for in-vitro fertilization. Hum Reprod, 4(suppl): 73-77, 1989.

33. Edwards RG, Fishel SB, Cohen J, Fehilly CB, et al: J In Vitro Fert Embryo Transf, 1: 3-23, 1984.

34. Van der Zwalmen P, Bertin-Segal G, Geerts L, et al: Sperm morphology and IVF pregnancy ratecomparison between Percoll gradient cetrifugation and swim-up procedure. Hum Reprod, 6: 581-588, 1991.

35. Schlegel PN: Management of ejaculatory duct obstruction. In: Infertility in the male. Lipshultz LI, Howards SS (eds), 3th ed., p: 385-394, Mosby-Year Book, Inc, Missouri, 1997.

36. Colpi GM, Negri L, Mariani ME, Aydos K, et al: Male distal genital tract ultrasonography in excretory infertility. Prog Reprod Biol Med, 15: 119-129, 1992.

37. Schoysman R, van de Casseye M: Epididymal oligospermia, in. Microsurgery of male infertility, Schoysman R (ed), s. 249-254, Fondazione per gli studi sulla riproduzione umana, Palermo, 1994.

38. Schoysman R: Microsurgery of male infertility. Fondazione per gli studi sulla riproduzione umana, Palermo, 1994.

39. Van Steirteghem AV, Nagy P, Joris H, et al: Results of intracytoplasmic sperm injection with ejaculated, fresh and frozen-thawed epididymal and testicular spermatozoa. Hum Reprod, 13(suppl 1): 134-142, 1998.

40. Devroey P: ICSI with testicular sperm: techniques for retrieval in obstructive and non-obstructive azoospermia. Treatment of infertility: the new frontiers. Filicori M, Flamigni C (eds), Communications media for education, New Jersey, 1998.

41. Antinori S, Versaci C, Dani G, et al: Fertilization with human testicular spermatids: four successful pregnancies. Hum Reprod, 12: 286-291, 1997.

42. Silber SJ, Johnson L: Are spermatid injections of any clinical value ? Hum Reprod, 13: 509-523, 1998.

43. Vanderzwalmen P, Nijs M, Schoysman R, et al: The problems of spermatid microinjection in the human: the need for an accurate morphological approach and selective methods for viable and normal cells. Hum Reprod, 13: 515-519, 1998.

44. Tesarik J, Greco E, Mendoza C: ROSI, instructions for use: 1997 update. Hum Reprod, 13: 519-523, 1998.

45. Gandini L, Lenzi A, Lombardo F, et al: Immature germ cell separation using a discontinuous Percoll gradient technique in human semen. Hum Reprod, 14: 1022-1027, 1999.

46. Schlegel PN, Su LM: Physiological consequences of testicular sperm extraction. Hum Reprod, 12: 1688-1692, 1997.

47. Verheyan G, De Croo I, Tournaye H, et al: Comparison of four mechanical methods to retrieve spermatozoa from testicular tissue. Hum Reprod, 10: 2956-2959, 1995.

48. Crabbe E, Verheyen G, Silber S, et al: Enzymatic digestion of testicular tissue may rescue the intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycle in some patients with non-obstructive azoospermia. Hum Reprod, 13: 2791-2796, 1998.

49. Bertin G, Nijs M, Vandamme B, Vanderzwalmen P: Laboratory methods in medically assisted procreation. Schoysman infertility management foundation, Vilvoorde, Belgium, 1997.

50. Nagy ZP, Verheyen G, Tournaye H, et al: An improved treatment procedure for testicular biopsy specimens offers more efficient sperm recovery: case series. Fertil Steril, 68: 376-379, 1997.

51. Tesarik J, Greco E, Rienzi L, et al: Differentiation of spermatogenetic cells during in-vitro culture of testicular biopsy samples from patients with obstructive azoospermia: effect of recombinant follicle stimulating hormone. Hum Reprod, 13: 2772-2781, 1998.

52. Elder K, Elliot T: The use of testicular and epididymal sperm in IVF: culture of testicular sperm. World wide conferences on reproductive biology. p. 46-49, Ladybrook pub., MAD print and delivery, Morley, West Australia 6062, 1998.

53. Fischer R, Baukloh V, Naether OGJ, et al: Pregnancy after intracytoplasmic sperm injection of spermatozoa extracted from frozen-thawed testicular biopsy. Hum reprod, 11: 2197-2199, 1996.

54. Anafarta K, Yaman Ö: Erkek cinsel işlev bozuklukları: etyopatogenez ve tanı. Temel Üroloji, ed: Anafarta K, Göğüş O, Bedük Y, Arıkan N. s. 1043-1084, Güneş Kitabevi, Ankara, 1998.

55. Steers WD: Neurol control of penile erection. Semin Urol, 8: 66-70, 1990.

56. Verheyen G, De Croo I, Tournaye H, et al: Comparison of four mechanical methods to retrieve spermatozoa from testicular tissue. Hum Reprod, 10: 2956-2959, 1995.

57. Tournaye H, Joris H, Verheyen G, Camus M, Devroey P, Van Steirteghem: Sperm parameters, globozoospermia, necrozoospermia and ICSI outcome. Treatment of infertility: the new frontiers. Filicori M, Flamigni C (eds), Communications media for education, New Jersey, 1998.

58. Flaherty SP, Payne D, Swann NJ, Matthews CD: Aetiology of failed and abnormal fertilization after intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Hum Reprod, 10: 2623-2629, 1995.

59. Liu J, Nagy ZP, Joris H, et al: Analysis of 76 total-fertilization-failure cycles out of 2732 intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycles. Hum reprod, 10: 2630-2636, 1995.

60. Nagy ZP, Liu J, joris H, et al: The results of intracytoplasmic sperm injection is not related to any of the three basic sperm parameters. Hum reprod, 10: 1123-1129, 1995.

61. Liu J, Van Steirteghem AC, Nagy Z, et al: Successful fertilisation and establishment of pregnancies in patients with round-headed spermatozoa. Hum Reprod, 10: 626-629, 1995.

62. Rolf C, Cooper TG, Yeung CH, Nieschlag E: Antioxidant treatment of patients with asthenozoospermia or moderate oligoasthenozoospermia with high-dose vitamin C and vitamin E: a randomized placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Hum Reprod, 14: 1028-1033, 1999.

63. Khorram O, et al: Reproductive technologies for male infertility. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86: 2373, 2001.